SIRFA Bibliography

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Aitchison, N 2006 Forteviot: a Pictish and Scottish Royal centre. Tempus: Stroud.

Allan, L A 1988 ‘Geo– and bioarchaeological studies of palaeosols in the coastal dunes and machair of South Uist in the Outer Hebrides’, unpublished MSc, University of Sheffield (Author’s surname changed from Kennedy).

Alldritt, D 1992 ‘An analysis of plant macrofossils from the midden at Dun Vulan, South Uist, Outer Hebrides’, unpublished MSc, University of Sheffield.

Angus, S 2020 ‘Clanranald’s inland Uist waterway: fact or fiction?’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 149, 7–24.

Armit, I 1988 ‘Broch Landscapes in the Western Isles’ Scottish Archaeological Review 5, 78–86.

Armit, I 1990 ‘Epilogue: the Scottish Atlantic Iron Age’ in Armit, I (ed) Beyond the Brochs: Changing Perspectives on the Atlantic Scottish Iron Age, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 194–210.

Armit, I 1991 ‘Later prehistoric settlement in the Western Isles of Scotland’, unpublished PhD, University of Edinburgh. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18963

Armit, I 1991 ‘The Atlantic Scottish Iron Age: five levels of chronology’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 121, 181–214.

Armit, I 1992 The Later Prehistory of the Western Isles of Scotland, British Archaeological Reports 221: Oxford

Armit, I 1994 ‘Archaeological field survey of the Bhaltos (Valtos) peninsula, Lewis’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 124, 67–93.

Armit, I 1996 The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.

Armit, I 1997 ‘Cultural landscapes and identities: a case study in the Scottish Iron Age’, in Gwilt, A and Haselgrove, C (eds) Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, Oxbow Books (Monograph 71): Oxford, 248–254.

Armit, I 1997 ‘Architecture and the household: a response to Sharples and Parker Pearson’, in Gwilt, A and Haselgrove, C (eds) Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, Oxbow Books (Monograph 71): Oxford, 266–269.

Armit, I 1997 ‘Excavation of a post–medieval settlement at Druim nan Dearcag, and related sites around Loch Olabhat, North Uist’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 127, 899–919.

Armit, I 2003 ‘The drowners: permanence and transience in the Hebridean Neolithic’, in Armit et al (eds) Neolithic settlement in Ireland and Western Britain, Oxbow Books: Oxford, 93–100.

Armit, I 2003 Neolithic settlement in Ireland and Western Britain, Oxbow Books: Oxford.

Armit, I 2006 Anatomy of an Iron Age Roundhouse: The Cnip Wheelhouse Excavations, Lewis, The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: Edinburgh.

Armit, I and Braby, A 2003 ‘Excavation of a Burnt Mound and Associated Structures at Ceann nan Clachan, North Uist’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 132, 229–258.

Armit, I, Campbell, E and Dunwell, A 2008 ‘Excavation of an Iron Age, early historic and medieval settlement and metalworking site at Eilean Olabhat, North Uist’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 138, 27–104.

Armit, I and Shapland, F 2015 ‘Death and Display in the North Atlantic: The Bronze and Iron Age Human Remains from Cnip, Lewis, Outer Hebrides’, Journal of the North Atlantic Special Volume 9, 35–44.

Armit, I, and Campbell, E 1998 ‘Excavation of a post–medieval settlement at Druim nan Dearcag, and related sites around Loch Olaphat, North Uist’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 127, 899–919.

Armit, I, Braby, A, and Strachan, R 1999 ‘Re–excavation of an Iron Age wheelhouse and earlier structure at Eilean Maleit, North Uist’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 128, 255–271.

Armit, I, Braby, A, Carter, S, Cerón–Carrasco, R, Church, M, Cressey, M, Finlayson, W, Johnson, M, and Taylor, M 2003 ‘Excavation of a burnt mound and associated structures at Ceann nan Clachan, North Uist’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 132, 229–258.

Armit, I, Dockrill, S, Neighbour, T, Pocock, J, Simpson, I, and Wilson, M 1995 ‘Archaeological survey of the Bhaltos (Valtos) peninsula, Lewis’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 124, 67–93.

Ashmore, P 1995 Calanais: the standing stones, Urras nan Tursachan: Stornoway.

Ashmore, P, Brayshay, B A, Edwards, K J, Gilbertson, D D, Grattan, J P, Kent, M, Pratt, K M and Weaver, R E 2000 ‘Allochthonous and autochthonous mire deposits in relation to slope instability: palaeoenvironmental investigations in the Borve Valley, Barra, Outer Hebrides, Scotland’, The Holocene 10, 97–108.

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Ballantyne, R 1998 ‘Norse–period use of plant resources in the Outer Hebrides, and an evaluation of charred plant macro–remains as indicators of space use’, unpublished MSc, University of Sheffield.

Ballin, T 2015 ‘Lithics’ in Barrowman, C S (ed) The Archaeology of Ness: The results of the Ness Archaeological Landscape Survey, Acair Ltd: Stornoway, 247–262.

Ballin, T B 2012 ‘The distribution of worked felsites – within and outwith Neolithic Shetland’ in Mahler, D and Anderson, C (eds) The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers, National Museum of Denmark: Copenhagen, 62–78.

Ballin, T B 2017 ‘North Roe felsite and Shetland’s felsite material culture – assemblages from quarry workshops and domestic settlements’, in Shaffrey, R (ed) Written in Stone: Papers on the function, form, and provenancing of prehistoric stone objects in memory of Fiona Roe, Highfield Press: St Andrews, 77–110.

Ballin-Smith, B 2005 ‘Catpund: a prehistoric house in Shetland’, Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports [online] 7. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: Edinburgh.

Ballin-Smith, B 2018 Life on the Edge: The Neolithic and Bronze Age of Iain Crawford’s Udal, North Uist, Oxbow Books: Oxford.

Barber, J (ed) 2003 ‘Bronze Age farms and Iron Age farm mounds of the Outer Hebrides’, Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports [online] 3. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: Edinburgh.

Barber, J 2011 ‘Characterising archaeology in machair’ in Griffiths et al 2011, ‘Aeolian Archaeology: the Archaeology of Sand Landscapes in Scotland’, Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports [online] 48, 37–53.

Barrowman, C S 2015 The Archaeology of Ness: The results of the Ness Archaeological Landscape Survey, Acair Ltd: Stornoway.

Barrowman, R 2019 ‘“A Cultural Backwater”: the “Localness” of Dùn Èistean, Ness and its place in the wider maritime world of Northwest Scotland’, Journal of the North Atlantic 12, 32–43.

Barrowman, R 2023 ‘Echoes of Native–Norse Relationships in the Archaeology at St Ninian’s Isle, Shetland’, in Horne, T, Pierce, E and Barrowman, R (eds) The Viking Age in Scotland: Studies in Scottish Scandinavian Archaeology, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 322–327.

Barrowman, R C 2020 ‘Chapel–sites on the Isle of Lewis: Results of the Lewis Coastal Chapel–sites Survey’, Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports [online] 88. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: Edinburgh.

Barrowman, R C 2015 Dùn Èistean, Ness: The Excavation of a Clan Stronghold, Acair Ltd: Stornoway.

Richard Bates, C, Bates M, Gaffney C, Gaffney V and Raub TD 2019 ‘Geophysical Investigation of the Neolithic Calanais Landscape’, Remote Sensing 11(24), 2975.

Bell, M 2007 ‘Prehistoric Coastal Communities: The Mesolithic in western Britain’, Council for British Archaeology Report 149.

Bennet, K D, Fossitt, J A, Sharp, M J and Switsur, V R 1990 ‘Holocene vegetational and environmental history at Loch Lang, South Uist, Western Isles, Scotland’, New Phytologist 114(2), 281–298.

Bertzeletos, J 1994 ‘A palynological study of South Uist, the Outer Hebrides, Scotland’, unpublished MSc, University of Sheffield.

Best, J and Mulville, J 2014 ‘A Bird in the Hand: Data Collation and Novel Analysis of Avian Remains from South Uist, Outer Hebrides’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 24(3), 384–396.

Beveridge, E 1911 North Uist: its Archaeology and Topography, William Brown: Edinburgh.

Bishop R R, Church M J, Lawson I T, Roucou, K H, O’Brien, C, Ranner, H, Heald, A J and Flitcroft C E 2018 ‘Deforestation and Human Agency in the North Atlantic Region: Archaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Evidence from the Western Isles of Scotland’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84, 145–184.

Bishop, R R, Kubiak-Martens, L, Warren, GM and Church, MJ 2023 ‘Getting to the root of the problem: new evidence for the use of plant root foods in Mesolithic hunter-gatherer subsistence in Europe’, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 32, 65–83.

Blankshein, S, Gannon, A, Garrow, D and Sturt, F 2023 ‘Neolithic Crannogs in the Outer Hebrides (and Beyond?): Synthesis, Survey, and Dating’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 89, 225–247.

Bond, J M and Dockrill, S J 2023 ‘Hamar and Underhoull, Unst: Settlement in Northernmost Scotland’, in Horne, T, Pierce, E and Barrowman, R (eds) The Viking Age in Scotland: Studies in Scottish Scandinavian Archaeology, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 85–97.

Booth, T, Chamberlain, A and Parker Pearson, M 2015 ‘Mummification in Bronze Age Britain’, Antiquity 89, 1155–1173.

Booth, T J and Brück, J 2020 ‘Death is not the end: radiocarbon and histo–taphonomic evidence for the curation and excarnation of human remains in Bronze Age Britain’, Antiquity 94, 1186–1203.

Brady, K and Batey, C E 2008 ‘Excavations and Survey on Brei Holm and Maiden Stack, Papa Stour, Shetland’, Scottish Archaeological Journal 30(1–2), 1–64.

Branigan, K 1990 ‘Historical archaeology and migration: Barra blackhouse abandonment and mid–19th century migration to Nova Scotia’, in Harper, M and Vance, M E (eds) Myth, Migration and the Making of Memory, John Donald: Edinburgh, 127–140.

Branigan, K 2003 ‘Assessment survey: Isle of Barra’, in Dawson, T (ed) 2003, Coastal Archaeology and Erosion in Scotland, Historic Scotland: Edinburgh, 67–76.

Branigan, K 2005 From Clan to Clearance: History and Archaeology on the Isle of Barra c. 850–1850 AD, Oxbow Books: Oxford.

Branigan, K and Foster, P 1995 Barra: The Archaeology of Ben Tangaval, Sheffield Academic Press: Sheffield.

Branigan, K and Foster, P 2000 From Barra to Berneray: Archaeological Survey and Excavation in the Southern Isles of the Outer Hebrides, Sheffield Academic Press: Sheffield.

Branigan, K and Foster, P 2002 Barra and the Bishops Isles: Life on the Margin, Tempus Publishing: Stroud.

Branigan, K and Merrony, C 2000 ‘The Hebridean blackhouse in the Isle of Barra’, Scottish Archaeological Journal 22, 1–16.

Branigan, K and Grattan, J 1998 ‘Coastal Assessment Survey of Barra and Vatersay’, Historic Scotland: Edinburgh.

Branigan, K, Edwards, K and Merrony, C 2002 ‘Bronze Age fuel: the oldest direct evidence for deep peat cutting and stack construction?’, Antiquity 76, 849–855.

Brayshay, B 1992 ‘The vegetation and vegetational history of South Uist and Barra in the Outer Hebrides’, unpublished PhD, University of Sheffield.

Brayshay, B A, Gilbertson, D D, Kent, M, Edwards, K J, Wathern, P and Weaver, R E 2000 ‘Surface pollen–vegetation relationships on the Atlantic seaboard: South Uist, Scotland’, Journal of Biogeography 27, 359–378

Bruce, J 1907 ‘Notice of the excavation of a broch at Jarlshof, Sumburgh, Shetland’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 41, 11–33.

Burbidge, C I, Batt C M, Barnett S M and Dockrill S J 2001 ‘The Potential for Dating the Old Scatness Site, Shetland, By Optically Stimulated Luminescence’, Archaeometry, 43(4), 589–596.

Burgess C and Church, M 1997 Coastal Erosion Assessment, Lewis: a report for Historic Scotland, Vol 1 – Introduction, Methodology and Gazetteer for Aird Drollageo to Rubha Garson, unpublished report. https://scapetrust.org/wp–content/uploads/reports/lewis1.pdf

Burgess C and Church, M 1997 Coastal Erosion Assessment, Lewis: a report for Historic Scotland, Vol 2 – Gazetteer for Rubha Garson to Ranish, Discussion and Conclusion, unpublished report. https://scapetrust.org/wp–content/uploads/reports/lewis2.pdf

Burgess C, Henderson, J and Rees, T 1994 ‘Garenin’, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1994, 96.

Burgess, C 1995 Garenin Landscape Survey; first interim report, unpublished interim report (submitted to Garenin Trust).

Burgess, C 2002 ‘Lewis, mesolithic to modern: a study of site, settlement distribution and landscape formation in the Western Isles of Scotland’, unpublished PhD, University of Edinburgh. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23282

Burgess, C and Church, M J 1996 Uig Landscape Project; first interim report, unpublished interim report (submitted to Historic Scotland).

Burgess, C., Church M J, and Gilmour S 1997 Uig Landscape Project; second interim report, unpublished interim report (submitted to Historic Scotland).

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Cant, R G 1976 The Medieval Churches and Chapels of Shetland, Shetland Archaeological and Historical Society: Lerwick.

Cerón–Carrasco, R N 2002 ‘“Of fish and men” = “De iasg agus dhaoine”: a study of the utilization of marine resources as recovered from selected Hebridean archaeological sites’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24254

Church, M 1996 ‘The Development of a regional framework of archaeobotanical research for the Island of Lewis, Scotland; with specific reference to the extraction and analysis of botanical remains from a Late Iron Age phase of Broch na Berie’, unpublished BSc, University of Edinburgh.

Church, M 1997 ‘The archaeological and archaeobotanical implications of a destruction layer in Dun Bharabhat, Lewis’, in Ballin Smith, B and Banks, I (eds) In the Shadow of the Brochs: The Iron Age in Scotland, Tempus Publishing: Stroud, 67–75.

Church, M 2002 ‘Plants and people in the later prehistoric and Norse periods of the Western Isles of Scotland’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24455

Church, M and Burgess, C 2003 ‘Assessment survey: Lewis’, in Dawson, T (ed) Coastal erosion and archaeology in Scotland, Historic Scotland: Edinburgh, 55–64.

Church, M J 2005 ‘The vegetation history of the Western Isles’, in Simpson, D D A, Murphy, E M and Gregory, R A (eds) 2005, The Prehistoric Settlement of Northton, Harris, Archaeopress: Oxford, 26–40.

Church, M J, Bishop, R R, Blake, E, Nesbitt, C, Perri, A, Piper, S and Rowley–Conwy, P A 2011 ‘Temple Bay, Western Isles (Harris parish), excavation’, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland (New Series) 12, 187.

Clancy, T O 2023 ‘The Church and Gaelic–Norse Contact in the Hebrides’, in Horne, T, Pierce, E and Barrowman, R (eds) The Viking Age in Scotland: Studies in Scottish Scandinavian Archaeology, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 143–152.

Coles, G M 1993 ‘West of Lewis Landscape Project’, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1993, 92.

Coles, G M and Rees, T 1994 ‘Cnoc an Tursa’, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1994, 96.

Coles, G M, Burgess C and Henderson, J 1994 ‘Callanish Environs Survey’, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1994, 96.

Colls, K and Hunter, J 2010 ‘Defining the archaeological resource on the Isle of Harris’, Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures 4(2), 15–40.

Colls, K and Hunter, J 2015 ‘Archaeological Signatures of Landscape and Settlement Change on the Isle of Harris’, Journal of the North Atlantic 9 (Special), 108–124.

Comunn Eachdraidh Nis 2020 Eachdraidh le Càirdeas is Cridhe: Ainmean–àite Ceann a Tuath Leòdhais Nis Gu Baile an Truiseil (History with Heart and Soul: The Place–names of North Lewis Ness to Ballantrushal), Acair Ltd: Stornoway.

Cook, M 1995 ‘A Faunal Analysis of one of the later ‘Pictish’ phases at Loch na Berie, paying particular attention to the contribution of Wild versus Domestic Animals in the Economy’, unpublished MA, University of Edinburgh.

Cook, M 2018 ‘Recently excavated Iron Age burials from the Western Isles’, Scottish Archaeological Journal 40(1), 55–82.

Cooney, G, Ballin, T and Megarry, W 2012 ‘Objects for an island world, North Roe Felsite, Shetland’, in Mahler, D L (ed) The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers, National Museum of Denmark: Copenhagen, 87–93.

Cooney, G, Mandal, S, O’Keefe, E, Warren, G, Ballin, T and Megarry, W 2012 ‘Axes from islands: the role of stone axeheads from insular sources in the Neolithic of Ireland and Britain’, in Mahler, D L (ed) The Border of Farming and the Cultural Markers, National Museum of Denmark: Copenhagen, 79–99.

Coull, J R 1996 ‘Shetland: The Land, Sea and Human Environments’ in Waugh and Smith (eds) Shetland’s Northern Links: Language and History, Scottish Society for Northern Studies: Edinburgh, 66–77.

Coull, J R 2003 ‘The Shaping of Shetland: An Archipelago’s Landscape History’, Landscapes 2, 67–89.

Cowie, T 1994 ‘Coastal erosion and archaeology in Lewis and Harris’, unpublished report (submitted to Historic Scotland).

Cowie, T and Macleod Rivet, M 2015 ‘Machair Bharabhais: A Landscape Through Time’, Journal of the North Atlantic, 9 (Special), 99–107.

Craig, O, Mulville, J, Parker Pearson, M, Sokol, R, Gelsthorpe, K, Stacey, R and Collins, M J 2000 ‘Detecting milk proteins in ancient pots’, Nature 408, 312.

Craig, O, Taylor, G, Mulville, J, Collins, M J and Parker Pearson M 2005 ‘The identification of prehistoric dairying activities in the Western Isles of Scotland: an integrated biomolecular approach’, Journal of Archaeological Science 52, 91–103.

Cramp, L, Whelton, H, Sharples, N, Mulville, J and Evershed R P 2015 ‘Contrasting Patterns of Resource Exploitation on the Outer Hebrides and Northern Isles of Scotland during the Late Iron Age and Norse Period Revealed through Organic Residues in Pottery’, Journal of the North Atlantic 9 (Special), 134–151.

Crawford, B E 1984 ‘The Cult of St Magnus in Shetland’ in Crawford, B E (ed) Essays in Shetland History: Heiðurlsrit to Dr T. Mortimer Manson, The Shetland Times: Lerwick, 65–81.

Crawford, B E 2013 The Northern Earldoms: Orkney and Shetland from AD 870–1470, John Donald: Edinburgh.

Crawford, I 1986 The West Highlands and Islands: A view of 50 Centuries: the Udal Evidence, Great Auk Press: Cambridge.

Crawford, I A and Selkirk, A 1996 ‘The Udal’, Current Archaeology 147, 84–94. https://archaeology.co.uk/articles/specials/timeline/the–udal.htm

Crawford, I A and Switsur, R 1977 ‘Sandscaping and C14: the Udal, North Uist’ Antiquity 51, 124–36.

Cummings, V and Sharples, N 2005 ‘The excavation of a chambered cairn at Leaval, South Uist’ in Cummings and Pannett (eds) 2005, Set in Stone: New Approaches to Neolithic Monuments in Scotland, Oxbow Books: Oxford, 63–67.

Cummings, V, Henley, C and Sharples, N 2005 ‘The chambered cairns of South Uist’ in Cummings and Pannett (eds) 2005, Set in Stone: New Approaches to Neolithic Monuments in Scotland, Oxbow Books: Oxford, 37–54.

Cummings, V 2009 A view from the west: the Neolithic of the Irish Sea Zone, Oxbow Books: Oxford.

Cummins, G 1994 ‘Potential Mesolithic human impact and subsequent environmental change at Loch An T’Sil, South Uist, Outer Hebrides: a palynological study’, unpublished MSc , University of Sheffield.

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Dalton, F 1995 ‘An investigation into the vegetation history of the site of Reineval, South Uist, during the Mesolithic period of prehistory, using fine resolution pollen and microscopic charcoal analysis’, unpublished MSc, University of Sheffield.

Dawson, S, Dawson, A and Jordan, J 2011 ‘North Atlantic climate change and Late Holocene windstorm activity in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland’ Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports [online] 48, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: Edinburgh.

Dawson, T 2015 ‘Eroding Archaeology at the Coast: How a Global Problem is Being Managed in Scotland, with Examples from the Western Isles’, Journal of the North Atlantic 9 (Special), 83–98.

Dawson T, Lelong, O and Shearer, I 2011 Local community groups and Aeolian archaeology: shorewatch and the experience of the Shetland Community Archaeology Project’ Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports [online] 48, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056–7421.2011.48

Dixon, N and Topping, P 1986 ‘Preliminary survey of later prehistoric artificial islands on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides’, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 15(3), 189–194.

Dockrill, S J 1998 ‘Northern Exposure: Phase 1 of the Old Scatness Excavations, 1995–8′ in Nicholson and Dockrill (eds) 1998, Old Scatness Broch, Shetland: Retrospect and Prospect, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford: Bradford, 59–80.

Dockrill, S J and Bond, J M 2023 ‘What Does Landnám Look Like? Excavations at Swandro and Old Scatness’ in Horne, T, Pierce, E and Barrowman, R (eds) 2023, The Viking Age in Scotland: Studies in Scottish Scandinavian Archaeology, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 29–42.

Dockrill, S J, Bond J M, Turner, V E, Brown, L D, Bashford, D J, Cussans, J E and Nicholson, R A 2010 Excavations at Old Scatness, Shetland (Volume 1): The Pictish Village and Viking Settlement, Shetland Heritage Publications: Shetland.

Dockrill, S J, Bond J M, Turner, V E, Brown, L D, Bashford, D J, Cussans, J E and Nicholson, R A 2015 Excavations at Old Scatness, Shetland (Volume 2): The Broch and Iron Age Village, Shetland Heritage Publications: Shetland.

Downes, J, and Thomas, A 2013 ‘Where Mythical Space Lies: Land OwnershipVersus Land Use in the Northern Bronze Age’ in Relaki, M and Catapoti, D (eds) An Archaeology of Land Ownership, Routledge: London, 70–92.

Dulias, K, Foody, M G B, Justeau, P, Silva, M, Martiniano, R, Oteo-García, G, Fichera, A, Rodrigues, S, Gandini, F, Meynert, A, Donnelly, K, Aitman, T J, Chamberlain, A, Lelong, O, Kozikowski, G, Powlesland, D, Waddington, C, Mattiangeli, V, Bradley, D G and Richards, M B 2022 ‘Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: Continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119(8).

Dunwell, A, Cowie, T, Bruce, M, Neighbour, T, Rees, A, Finlayson, B, Kerr, N, Murray, N and Strachan, R J 1996 ‘A Viking Age cemetery at Cnip, Uig, Isle of Lewis’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 125, 719–752.

Dunwell, A, Neighbour, T, Cowie, T G, Bruce, M F and Kerr, N W 1996 ‘A cist burial adjacent to the Bronze Age cairn at Cnip, Uig, Isle of Lewis’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 125, 279–288.

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Edmondston, A 1809 A View of the Ancient and Present State of the Zetland Islands (Vol. 1), John Ballantine & Co: Edinburgh.

Edwards K J, Whittington G and Ritchie W 2005 ‘The possible role of humans in the early stages of machair evolution: palaeoenvironmental investigations in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland’, Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 435–449.

Edwards, K J., Mulder, Y, Lomax, T A, Whittington, G and Hirons, K R 2000 ‘Human–environment interactions in prehistoric landscapes: the example of the Outer Hebrides’ in Hooke, D (ed) Landscape, The Richest Historical Record, Society for Landscape Studies: Amesbury, 13–32.

Edwards, K J and Sugden, H 2003 ‘Palynological visibility and the Mesolithic colonization of the Hebrides, Scotland’ in Larsson, L, Kindgren, H Knutsson, K, Loeffler, D and Åkerlund, A (eds) Mesolithic on the move, Oxbow Books: Oxford, 11–19.

Edwards, K J and Whittington, G 1994 ‘Lateglacial pollen sites in the Western Isles of Scotland’, Scottish Geographical Magazine 110, 33–39.

Edwards, K J and Whittington, G 1998 ‘Landscape and environment in prehistoric West Mainland, Shetland’, Landscape History 20(1), 5–17.

Edwards, K J and Whittington, G 2001 ‘Lake sediments, erosion and landscape change during the Holocene in Britain and Ireland’ Catena 42, 143–173.

Edwards, K J., Whittington, G and Hirons, K R 1995 ‘The relationship between fire and long–term wet heath development in South Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland’, in Thompson, D B A, Hestor, M J and Usher, M B (eds) Heaths and moorlands: cultural landscapes, HMSO: Edinburgh, 240–248.

Edwards, K J, Whittington, G, Ritchie, W 2005 ‘The possible role of humans in the early stages of machair evolution: palaeoenvironmental investigations in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland’, Journal of Archaeological Sciences 32(3), 435–449.

Everett, P A 2019 ‘A petrological examination of the provenance of stone masonry from three medieval churches in Shetland’, British Geological Survey: Nottingham. https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/526097/

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Ferguson, N 2015 ‘Lead projectiles’, in Barrowman, C S (ed) The Archaeology of Ness: The results of the Ness Archaeological Landscape Survey, Acair Ltd: Stornoway, 242–247.

Finlay, J I 1984 ‘Faunal evidence for prehistoric economy and settlement in the Outer Hebrides to c. 400 AD’, unpublished PhD, University of Edinburgh.

Fleming, A and Woolf, A 1992 ‘Cill Donnain: A Late Norse Church in South Uist’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 122, 329–50.

Flitcroft, C and Heald, A 1997 ‘Aird Callanish, Lewis’, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1997, 85.

Fossitt, J A 1996 ‘Late Quaternary vegetation history of the Western Isles of Scotland’ New Phytologist 132, 171–196.

Fraser, A and Murray, J 2019 ‘Three Kirks and a Cathedral’, The New Shetlander 289, 5–14.

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Garrow D, Griffiths S, Anderson–Whymark H and Sturt F 2017 ‘Stepping Stones to the Neolithic? Radiocarbon Dating the Early Neolithic on Islands Within the ‘Western Seaways’ of Britain’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 83, 97–135.

Garrow D and Sturt F 2019 ‘Neolithic crannogs: rethinking settlement, monumentality and deposition in the Outer Hebrides and beyond’ Antiquity 93(369), 664–684.

Garrow D and Sturt, F with Anderson–Whymark, H (eds) 2017 Neolithic stepping stones: excavation and survey within the western seaways of Britain, 2008–2014, Oxbow Books: Oxford.

Gearey, B 1992 ‘The taphonomy of pollen in a climate of extreme windiness – Barra, Outer Hebrides’, unpublished MSc, University of Sheffield.

Gearey, B and Gilbertson, D D 1997 ‘Pollen taphonomy of trees in a windy climate: Northbay Plantation, Barra, Outer Hebrides’, Scottish Geographical Magazine 113, 113–120.

Gilbertson, D D and Kent, M 1997 ‘The machair grasslands of the Outer Hebrides: a biological and cultural heritage’ in Apicella, E (eds) Il Sistema Uomo–Ambiente Tra Passato E Presente, Centro Universitario Europeo Pre I Beni Culturali: Ravello, 125–136.

Gilbertson, D, Kent, M and Grattan, J P (eds) 1996 The Outer Hebrides: the last 14,000 years, Sheffield Academic Press: Sheffield.

Gilmour S and Cook M 1998 ‘Excavations at Dun Vulan: a reinterpretation of the reappraised Iron Age’, Antiquity 72(276), 327–337.

Gilmour, S 2000 ‘First Millennia Settlement Development in the Atlantic West’ in Henderson, J C (ed) The Prehistory and Early History of Atlantic Europe: Papers from a Session held at the European Association of Archaeologist fourth annual meeting in Goteborg 1998, BAR Publishing: Oxford.

Gilmour, S 2000 ‘Later prehistoric and early historic settlement archaeology of the western seaways: a study of the Western Settlement record from Shetland to Brittany in the First Millennia BC and AD’, unpublished PhD, University of Edinburgh. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22250

Gilmour, S 2005 ‘Complex Atlantic Roundhouses – Chronology and Complexity’, in Turner, V, Nicholson, R A, Dockrill, S J and Bond, J M (eds) Tall Stories? 2 Millennia of Brochs, Shetland Amenity Trust: Lerwick, 78–96.

Gilmour, S and Henderson, J 2010 ‘Brochs and beyond: excavations at Old Scatness, Shetland’, Antiquity 94(375), 797–801.

Grant, K 2019 ‘Oran an Fheamnaidh – song of the seaweed gatherer: an archaeology of early 19th–century kelping’, Scottish Archaeological Journal 41(1), 63–85.

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