Religion and Ritual

Churches and Chapels

  • In what ways did church design in the region evolve over the medieval period?
  • How did medieval liturgical practice influence the physical form of chapels and churches?
  • How were church interiors furnished and decorated?
  • What can we discover about liturgical objects (e.g. reliquaries, crosses, chalices, lecterns)?
  • What statues and other images were present in churches and chapels?
  • Can we learn more about small chapels, including their use and design?
  • To what extent did South-East Scotland’s medieval churches and chapels reflect wider European trends in liturgy and ecclesiastical architecture?
  • Is there evidence for growing Marian devotion at religious sites in South-East Scotland during the medieval period?
  • To what extent was religious space clearly delineated / separated from wider secular activities?
  • Is there evidence of trading and recreational activities taking place in churchyards?
  • How did the Reformation change churches and chapels?

Monastic Sites

  • How did the region’s monastic sites evolve over the medieval period?
  • To what extent did the arrival of new religious orders in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries change land management?
  • Is there evidence for monastic change or ‘decline’ in the century preceding the Reformation?
  • What evidence is there for sixteenth-century iconoclasm and destruction of monastic sites?
  • How did damage from conflict in the 1540s compare to damage during the Reformation of 1560?
  • Can we better understand female monastic sites? How do female religious houses compare to male houses?
  • What evidence is there for industrial activity at monastic sites?
  • Is there evidence of parchment production at monastic sites?
  • What can we discover about monastic gardens?
  • How did monastic sites affect wider landscapes (e.g. mills, granges, roads)?
  • What evidence is there for occupation of monastic sites after 1560?

Hospitals and Poorhouses

  • How large were most hospital sites?
  • Did the design of hospitals in South-East Scotland alter over the course of the medieval period?
  • Are changes in the use of hospitals (e.g. shifting from the care of lepers to care of the poor) apparent in the archaeological record?
  • What can we discover about care for the infirm at hospitals and poorhouses?
  • What sorts of activities were taking place at hospitals (e.g. gardening, food preparation, craft activities)?
  • How did hospitals interact with surrounding communities?

Wider Religious Landscapes

  • What types of pilgrim activities were taking place at cult centres such as Loretto?
  • Where did pilgrim routes run in South-East Scotland (both to cult sites within the region and to more distant pilgrim centres)?
  • What was pilgrim accommodation like?
  • To what extent can we discern popular ritual activity at sites such as wells?
  • What can we discover about the routes of religious processions? To what extent did processional routes impact the layout of settlements?

Burials

  • How did burial customs in South-East Scotland evolve over the course of the Middle Ages?
  • To what extent do funerary monuments conform to national / international trends? Are there specific local / regional variations?
  • How similar were rural and urban burial practices?
  • How comparable were the burials of clerics and laity?
  • Are there notable physical differences between people buried in higher and lower status locations (e.g. were people buried inside churches less malnourished than the general population)?